Multistable vibration energy harvesters: Principle, progress, and perspectives

Vibration energy harvesting is a process by which ambient mechanical from environment or host structures converted into usable (usually, but not always, electrical energy). This technology considered to be relatively new method for supplying sustainable low-powered sensor networks and electronic devices. Various vibration harvesters utilizing piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic, triboelectric conversion mechanisms were designed tested achieve this goal. Meanwhile, one key challenge of such approaches results their response the input excitation characteristics, especially in terms frequency variation. To address that challenge, multistable characteristics commonly exist mathematical models physical devices, can used designing isolators, compliant mechanisms, morphing structures, circuits, filters, etc. Currently, have received increasing attention because rich nonlinear dynamic show benefit improving efficient bandwidth, i.e. frequency-wise robustness. paper aims provide comprehensive review state-of-the-art progress harvesters.